Nuclear fusion

Often referred to as the energy of the stars, nuclear fusion is a limitless source of energy. The fuel for fusion is abundant on Earth, and its industrialization is within reach.

Nuclear fusion is the most promising energy producting capacity

Nuclear fusion is the reaction in which two light atomic nuclei fuse together to
form a single nucleus, releasing a large amount of energy

Energy generation by nuclear fusion is already a reality

Fusion requires extreme conditions to happen, including temperature up to 100M°C. It happens everyday in the Sun thanks to its
gravitational confinement force, and it has already been reproduced on Earth using laser inertial confinement

Gravitational confinement

Impossible on Earth

Plasma is confined by the force of gravity
• Plasma density (Ƞ): 10,000 x solid
• Temperature: 10,000,000 °C
• Confinement time (τ): 100,000 years

It is physically impossible to replicate
the gravitational force and
confinement times of our stars on
planet Earth

Magnetic confinement

Feasibility yet to be demonstrated

Plasma is confined by powerful magnetic fields
• Plasma density (Ƞ): solid / 100.000.000
• Temperature: 100,000,000 °C
• Confinement time (τ): Few seconds

Launched in 2007 with an initial budget of €6.3Bn, the ITER project has yet to demonstrate its viability, despite spending €22 billion

(Source ITER ORGANIZATION)

Laser inertial confinement

Proven net energy generation

Plasma is confined by the force of gravity
• Plasma density (Ƞ): 1,000 x solid
• Temperature: 100,000,000 °C
• Confinement time (τ): 10 picoseconds

Dec.22, the NIF achieved fusion « ignition » by hitting a Deuterium-Tritium target with high energy lasers, generating a net energy gain

(Source NIF/LLNL)

Energy generation by nuclear fusion is already a reality

Fusion requires extreme conditions to happen, including temperature up to 100M°C. It happens everyday in the Sun thanks to its
gravitational confinement force, and it has already been reproduced on Earth using laser inertial confinement

Gravitational confinement

Impossible on Earth

Plasma is confined by the force of gravity
• Plasma density (Ƞ): 10,000 x solid
• Temperature: 10,000,000 °C
• Confinement time (τ): 100,000 years

It is physically impossible to replicate
the gravitational force and
confinement times of our stars on
planet Earth

Magnetic confinement

Feasibility yet to be demonstrated

Plasma is confined by powerful magnetic fields
• Plasma density (Ƞ): solid / 100.000.000
• Temperature: 100,000,000 °C
• Confinement time (τ): Few seconds

Launched in 2007 with an initial budget of €6.3Bn, the ITER project has yet to demonstrate its viability, despite spending €22 billion

(Source ITER ORGANIZATION)

Laser inertial confinement

Proven net energy generation

Plasma is confined by the force of gravity
• Plasma density (Ƞ): 1,000 x solid
• Temperature: 100,000,000 °C
• Confinement time (τ): 10 picoseconds

Dec.22, the NIF achieved fusion « ignition » by hitting a Deuterium-Tritium target with high energy lasers, generating a net energy gain

(Source NIF/LLNL)

Slide1

Initial irradiation

Target (made of Deuterium-Tritium, DT here) is irradiated by high-energy lasers

Slide2

Compression

Target is compressed thanks 
to plasma expansion

Slide3

Ignition

Target collapses on itself, density in the center skyrockets and temperature reaches 100M°C

Slide4

Combustion

The thermonuclear combustion spreads rapidly, producing large amounts of energy

NIF experiment

In 2022, NIF achieved generating 3.15 MJ of fusion energy after delivering 2.05 MJ of laser energy to a D-T target with 192 laser beams, using indirect drive, a very low efficiency scheme where 90% of laser energy is lost.

NIF Expirement

In 2022, NIF achieved generating 3.15 MJ of fusion energy after delivering 2.05 MJ of laser energy to a D-T target with 192 laser beams, using indirect drive, a very low efficiency scheme where 90% of laser energy is lost.

Slide1

Initial irradiation

Target (made of Deuterium-Tritium, DT here) is irradiated by high-energy lasers

Slide2

Compression

Target is compressed thanks 
to plasma expansion

Slide3

Ignition

Target collapses on itself, density in the center skyrockets and temperature reaches 100M°C

Slide4

Combustion

The thermonuclear combustion spreads rapidly, producing large amounts of energy

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